Plant growth and development are highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations, which have become more intense and unpredictable due to changes in the climatic conditions. The different physiological and developmental processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, assimilation of nutrient and reproductive growth are severely affected by abiotic stresses like drought and heat. To cope with these stresses, plants have evolved various adaptive mechanisms at morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. With the increase in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) under drought stress, closure of stomata and the activation of stress-responsive genes like RD29A, DREB1A, and NCED3 is observed. The expression of heat shock proteins like HSP70 and HSP101, acting as molecular chaperones are upregulated under heat stress to stabilize proteins and protect cells from thermal denaturation. The compatible solutes such as proline, glycine betaine, etc., released by plants under stressed conditions maintain osmotic balance. The ion transporters like NHX1 and SOS1 control Na+ exclusion under salinity stress. Exposure to UV-B triggers the activation of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8), enhancing flavonoid biosynthesis for photoprotection. Moreover, different transcription factors like MYB, WRKY, bZIP, and NAC play a critical role in the signal transduction pathways and regulation of downstream defense genes under stressed conditions. The advances in functional genomics, transcriptomics, and genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9, have enabled precise manipulation of these regulatory pathways. These insights offer valuable opportunities for engineering climate-resilient plant species capable of withstanding complex environmental challenges. This chapter also highlights the integrative mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to environmental stressors and discusses innovative strategies for promoting sustainable plant growth under climate change.