Nigeria, being the fourth most populous country in the world, has an urgent task to feed its growing population. To achieve sustainable food production, efforts must be accelerated to bridge the existing yield gaps through the adoption of good agronomic practices. Weeds are a major constraint in the agricultural areas of Nigeria. This chapter provides a broad overview of the biology and management of weeds associated with major crops in Nigeria. We discussed the emerging challenges of weeds in Nigeria’s cropping systems and management opportunities toward achieving the goal of sustainable food production. Due to increased market demands for staple foods in Nigeria, intensive cropping patterns have substituted the old fallow systems in most arable fields. As a result of intensive cropping activities, most arable fields have witnessed excessive accumulation of weed seeds, leading to the persistence of problematic annual weeds adapting to low-resource farming systems. Thus, most arable fields have heavy weed pressure, with persistent yield losses. The intensity of this challenge, i.e., heavy weed pressure, is different for the different cropping systems in the country. Integrated and site-specific weed management is required to address these challenges. Knowledge of the prevalent weeds and farming practices engaged in different agroecologies is important to understand the appropriate weed management approaches.