Electric Vehicle Bidirectional Charging Infrastructure: A Review of Its Impact on the Grid

The bidirectional integration of electric vehicles into the grid represents a structural transformation in energy management, enabling vehicles to function as active, distributed resources. The objective of this review is to analyze vehicle-to-grid (V2G) infrastructures from a technical, normative, and strategic perspective, identifying adoption barriers, emerging technologies, and regulatory trends. A structured search strategy examined studies selected from over 500 documents, considering criteria of relevance, methodological rigor, and thematic impact. The findings indicate that non-isolated converters achieve efficiencies above 95% but with higher operational risks. Furthermore, the application of predictive control and artificial intelligence algorithms allows for a reduction in peak demand or technical losses by 11–38%, depending on the context. Battery degradation patterns were found to vary significantly by service type, with increases of 9–14% in capacity loss under V2G scenarios. This analysis also identifies structural differences in V2G adoption between regions with mature regulatory frameworks and those with experimental or fragmented approaches. Studies agree that the absence of interoperable technical standards, regulatory uncertainty, and a lack of adequate remuneration mechanisms are the main factors hindering scalability. Additionally, the consolidation of V2G will depend on its integration into energy ecosystems that effectively articulate technical standardization, institutional coordination, and adaptive implementation models.