Can Offshore Wind Make Green Ammonia Competitive? Insights from a Spanish Case Study

This paper examines the techno-economic feasibility of offshore wind-based ammonia production in the Mediterranean, focusing on the Gulf of Roses in Girona, Spain. A system dynamic model is presented that simulates hourly electricity, hydrogen, and ammonia production in a 3000 tpd Haber–Bosch loop. The model uses 25 years of wind data for the Gulf of Roses, providing realistic estimates of technical performance and the levelized cost of ammonia. The plant delivers 625–634 kt/yr, equivalent to a 58% utilization factor. Results are consistent with the literature and highlight the limited applicability of green ammonia production in the Gulf of Roses, primarily due to the high cost of offshore wind and the still elevated cost of SOEC electrolysis. Overall, the viability of offshore wind power-to-ammonia depends on cost reductions along the offshore wind power and SOEC learning curves, supported by production subsidies and carbon pricing mechanisms.