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Terpenoids are the largest group of natural compounds. Many classes of terpenes are known to have high antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antibacterial activity. Microalgae are also considered as a good source of terpenoid in addition to various other valuable compounds of applications. Microalgae possess biosynthesis pathways for both eukaryotic (Mevalonic acid pathway) and prokaryotic (methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway) organisms, enabling them to produce wide range of terpenes. Various genetic engineering technologies for improved terpenoid production have been developed till date such as overexpression of rate limiting enzymes and inhibition of competing pathways, but these technologies are not economically feasible when operated alone. Therefore, there is a need to understand the effect of chemical and biological additives, which could enhance the accumulation of terpenoids in microalgae in a more ecological friendly and efficient manner. Modulating culture condition by providing high light, optimize carbon dioxide, appropriate nutrient limitation and optimize reactive oxygen species generation could ameliorate the terpenoid biosynthesis. Further, exogenous addition of chemical regulators in microalgae such as trimethylamine and terbinafine may enhance lycopene and squalene, respectively. Besides understanding only, the up-stream process of terpenoids accumulation, downstream processes are also essential for effective extraction of the desired compounds for industrial scale production. Recent downstream technologies used different solvent-based extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and solvent free physical; extraction or combining all of these methodologies for effective industrial scale production. This chapter will explore the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids production, genetic engineering strategies for improved terpenoids productivity and limitations. In addition, this chapter will cover chemical and biological regulators for upstream production and downstream process for efficient terpenoid extraction/production at an industrial scale for therapeutic applications.

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Strategies for Enhanced Terpenoid Production in Microalgae for Therapeutic Applications

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Sana Parveen,
  • Simran Maratha,
  • Ruchika Agarwal,
  • Aryan Singh,
  • Kumkum Sharma,
  • Shailesh Kumar Patidar

摘要

Terpenoids are the largest group of natural compounds. Many classes of terpenes are known to have high antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antibacterial activity. Microalgae are also considered as a good source of terpenoid in addition to various other valuable compounds of applications. Microalgae possess biosynthesis pathways for both eukaryotic (Mevalonic acid pathway) and prokaryotic (methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway) organisms, enabling them to produce wide range of terpenes. Various genetic engineering technologies for improved terpenoid production have been developed till date such as overexpression of rate limiting enzymes and inhibition of competing pathways, but these technologies are not economically feasible when operated alone. Therefore, there is a need to understand the effect of chemical and biological additives, which could enhance the accumulation of terpenoids in microalgae in a more ecological friendly and efficient manner. Modulating culture condition by providing high light, optimize carbon dioxide, appropriate nutrient limitation and optimize reactive oxygen species generation could ameliorate the terpenoid biosynthesis. Further, exogenous addition of chemical regulators in microalgae such as trimethylamine and terbinafine may enhance lycopene and squalene, respectively. Besides understanding only, the up-stream process of terpenoids accumulation, downstream processes are also essential for effective extraction of the desired compounds for industrial scale production. Recent downstream technologies used different solvent-based extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and solvent free physical; extraction or combining all of these methodologies for effective industrial scale production. This chapter will explore the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids production, genetic engineering strategies for improved terpenoids productivity and limitations. In addition, this chapter will cover chemical and biological regulators for upstream production and downstream process for efficient terpenoid extraction/production at an industrial scale for therapeutic applications.