Postprandial hyperlipidemia, defined by elevated triglyceride (TG) levels after meals, is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Frequent postprandial states in modern eating patterns lead to endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation. Evidence shows postprandial TG levels correlate more strongly with atherosclerotic markers than fasting TG. This condition is aggravated by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, high-fat/high-sugar diets, and circadian disruption, all of which impair lipid clearance and promote excessive TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Pharmacological treatments—such as statins, ezetimibe, fibrates, DPP-4 inhibitors, and orlistat—reduce postprandial TG via multiple mechanisms. Nutritional interventions, including omega-3 fatty acids, almonds, and exercise, also improve lipid metabolism. Functional foods like green tea catechins, soluble fibers, and diacylglycerol oil help regulate fat digestion, absorption, and clearance. Effectiveness often varies by individual factors such as metabolic status, age, and sex. Functional food factors show greater benefits in insulin-resistant or obese individuals, supporting a personalized approach. In conclusion, postprandial hyperlipidemia is both preventable and treatable. An integrated strategy combining medication, dietary habits, and functional foods can effectively reduce CVD risk.