Previous studies have shown that nutrients (macronutrients/micronutrients) and polyphenols play a role in amplifying or suppressing inflammatory cytokine-induced signaling cascades and oxidative stress, thus regulating the underlying inflammatory state of an individual. In particular, the roles of nutrients extend beyond serving as energy sources and coenzyme metabolism; they also influence gene expression and protein synthesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Additionally, polyphenols inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking intracellular signaling systems and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. This section introduces the relationship between nutrients/non-nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and various diseases based on recent surveys.