This paper examines the comprehensive evolution of crew management and the protection of seafarers’ rights within China’s maritime sector. It analyses the fragmented yet integrated legislative framework encompassing domestic laws, administrative regulations, and international treaties such as the STCW Convention and MLC 2006, highlighting their role in shaping professional standards, labour protection, and safety management. Special attention is devoted to the institutional mechanisms led by the China Maritime Safety Administration and other relevant bodies in enforcing crew-related laws and policies. Furthermore, the study assesses the critical influence of judicial interpretations, especially the 2020 “Provisions on the Trial of Certain Issues Concerning Disputes Involving Seamen” issued by the Supreme People’s Court, in resolving crew disputes and enhancing legal clarity. Despite significant progress, challenges like workforce sustainability and competency remain. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for legislative unification and continued institutional innovation to support China’s maritime ambitions and safeguard crew welfare effectively.