The gynoecium is the general term for the carpel of angiosperms, located at the center of most flowers, and consists of stigma, style, and ovary. It plays the important function of mediating pollination as well as protecting ovules. After a double fertilization event, the gynoecium gives rise to fruits and seeds with great importance for providing a key nutrient source for humans. It is necessary to deeply understand the molecular mechanisms that control the gynoecium development in angiosperm species. The gynoecium development in plant is highly complex and orderly processes and is controlled by robust regulatory networks, which are being elucidated with extensive studies. In the past decades, many genes important for gynoecium development has been identified functionally, such as the genes encoding key transcription factors. More recently, it is revealed that plant hormones particularly auxin, cytokinin, and brassinolide serve important roles in shaping the gynoecium through communication among them and interactions with transcription factors. Ovule is initiated from the placenta, a structure developed from the lateral margins of the carpels, and it is composed of the funiculus, the nucellus, the integument, and the female gametophyte. Since the ovules develop into the seeds after fertilization, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms that control ovule development as they ultimately determine the final yield in crop plants. Ovule development originates from a protrusion on the edges of the septum of the carpel. A single hypodermal cell at the tip of the ovule primordium is specified into an archesporial cell. The archespore directly differentiates into megaspore mother cell (MMC) that undergoes further meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. In most flowering plants, three megaspores near micropylar undergo programmed cell death, and only the chalazal-most megaspore continues to develop into the functional megaspore, which undergoes three rounds of nuclear division to form a coenocytic, eight nucleated embryo sacs. Subsequently, cellularization, nuclear migration, and polar nuclear fusion take place to yield ultimately a seven-celled embryo sac composed of one egg cell, two synergids, one central cell, and three antipodals. At early stages of the ovule development, cell-cell communication between the somatic and reproductive cells involving complex epigenetic and signaling networks controls the initiation, differentiation, and the number of megasporocyte in ovule primordium. It has been shown that an asymmetric auxin gradient plays a key role in embryo sac polarity, gametophytic cell specification, and female gametophyte patterning. Moreover, evidences from many studies have demonstrated that RNA processing and some key components of small RNA pathways are involved to regulate female gametic cell fate and ovule development.