Sustainability for Nature Positive Economy

This chapter examines pathways of transition from carbon-neutral to nature-positive economy. It begins with a historical trace of the evolution of international biodiversity governance from the Convention on Biological Diversity through the Aichi Targets to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. The chapter then reviews the scientific and technical infrastructure required for a nature-positive economy across three domains: monitoring nature through remote sensing and emerging technologies such as environmental DNA; assessing and valuing ecosystem services using cost-based, market-based, and income-based methods; and integrating natural capital into national and corporate financial accounts. Finally, it discusses policy instruments for monetizing nature-positive activities, including biodiversity credits and public procurement, and argues that transdisciplinary and community-based approaches are essential for driving the systemic transformation needed to operate within planetary boundaries.