Aiming at the problems of difficulty in tracking the flow path in the product source of the existing Supply Chain Management System (SCM) and low transparency and traceability, this paper combines blockchain technology to optimize the design and performance of sustainable SCM, aiming to improve the transparency and traceability of system management. First, based on demand analysis, the system architecture is designed from four levels: user interface layer, application service layer, blockchain core layer, and data management layer. Then, the information of each product or raw material is recorded as a block, and data is recorded and tracked based on the blockchain. The Merkle tree is introduced to recursively calculate the blocks, and the block generation interval is automatically adjusted according to the current transaction volume of the network. Finally, in user queries, an index table is created for each important data point to record the location and key attributes of the block where it is located. Experimental results show that compared to SCM under a centralized database, the proposed system significantly enhances supply chain transparency and further improves traceability. The blockchain-based approach reduces information asymmetry among supply chain participants, ensuring the reliability of product provenance and transaction records while providing data protection. By leveraging decentralized ledger technology, the system effectively minimizes the risk of unauthorized modifications, offering enterprises a more secure supply chain management framework. These findings indicate that blockchain-driven SCM holds great potential in enhancing trust, operational efficiency, and sustainability, supporting the further optimization of modern supply chain networks.