Alpine regions, characterised by naturally treeless belts above the montane zone, harbour unique plant communities comprising dwarf shrubs, rosette herbs, cushion species and tussock-forming graminoids. These plants exhibit specialised adaptations, including small stature, near-ground meristem protection and rapid seasonal growth, which allow survival under extreme climatic conditions. They contribute significantly to biodiversity, demonstrate high levels of endemism and provide models for evolutionary research due to frequent hybridisation, polyploidy and niche differentiation. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, including Illumina, Roche 454, Sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD), PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Oxford Nanopore, have revolutionised alpine plant research by enabling high-throughput genome sequencing, transcriptomics, methylation mapping and small RNA analyses. NGS facilitates marker development, population genomics, phylogeography, microbiome profiling, medicinal plant functional genomics and endophytic community characterisation, providing insights into adaptation, evolutionary dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Public genomic repositories such as The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), GenBank, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) and ENA ensure permanent accessibility of genome assemblies, organellar sequences, transcriptomes and functional annotations, supporting comparative genomics and conservation strategies. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including short-read limitations, complex polyploid genomes, sequencing errors, data processing demands and climate-driven habitat shifts. Integrating genomic tools with ecological and remote-sensing approaches is essential to understand alpine plant diversity, adaptation and resilience under rapidly changing environments, thereby guiding conservation and management efforts.