Alpine ecosystems present extreme environmental challenges, including intense solar radiation, significant temperature fluctuations, and water scarcity, necessitating highly flexible adaptive strategies for plant survival. This chapter exploresthe critical function of epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, in controlling how alpine plants respond to various environmental stressors. Gene expression can be dynamically controlled through these mechanisms that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, providing a crucial layer of adaptive plasticity beyond traditional genetic evolution for swift adjustments to environmental cues. The chapter details how these interconnected epigenetic processes mediate responses to both abiotic stresses, like cold, drought, and high radiation, and biotic challenges, including herbivory and pathogen attacks. Furthermore, the capacity of plants to remember past environmental stressors is supported by epigenetic modifications, which allow them to build a stronger defense against future exposure, a form of anticipatory adaptation critical for recurring alpine challenges. Epigenetic variation within populations contributes significantly to adaptation, particularly in heterogeneous microhabitats and where genetic diversity might be limited. The capacity for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance offers a rapid adaptive pathway, enhancing population resilience to ongoing environmental shifts, including climate change. Understanding these intricate epigenetic networks is paramount for predicting alpine plant survival and informing conservation strategies in these vulnerable high-altitude ecosystems.