Aluminum alloy plates, characterized by their low density, high strength, and superior processing capabilities, are extensively employed in industries including aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and shipbuilding, making them an indispensable material for industrial development. This study centers on the failure mechanisms of aluminum alloy plates subjected to tensile, stamping, bending, and TNT blasting impact loads, which are prevalent in practical engineering and exert a substantial influence on their performance. The research leverages the ANSYS platform to conduct multi - condition explicit dynamics numerical simulations using the finite element method, offering technical backing for the investigation. The mesoscale model can capture the changes in material microstructure characteristics and properties, and the multiphysics coupling approach ensures the realism of the results. By comparing the simulation results with classical theoretical solutions and engineering empirical data, it is demonstrated that the multi - condition joint simulation method exhibits high accuracy and can forecast the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy plates under complex loads. This provides theoretical underpinnings for the design and optimization of engineering structures capable of withstanding impacts, assisting engineers in making informed decisions and enhancing the safety and reliability of engineering structures.