Breast cancer is a global burden that continues to show the highest incidence among women. The disease is well characterized, and clear recommendations on available therapies on the basis of pathological staging and molecular diagnosis of patients are available. For the majority of breast cancer disease subtypes, personalized treatment options in the form of patient-specific molecularly targeted medicines are also available, showing improvement in survival outcomes. Advancements in computational biology have greatly enhanced this effort of druggable target identification, thereby shaping the targeted therapy landscape available today. However, irrespective of enriched treatment options available for breast cancer patients, drug resistance remained a major clinical desolation for this disease. As a continued global research effort, new clinical trials are now exploring the prospect of various new drugs and novel combinatorial treatment approaches. More recently, patient tumor-specific neoantigens are in the limelight, for their unique presence in the cancer cells, as well as the way neoantigen-based vaccines can engage the patient’s own immune system to combat the disease. Hence, the present chapter epitomizes current and future advancements in targeted therapy regimens, including prospective neoantigen vaccine-based immunotherapy approaches developed for breast cancer management.