The deep integration of railway vehicle and energy systems is the core path to achieving carbon neutrality, yet it faces multidimensional challenges: at the technical level, breakthroughs are needed in dynamic supply-demand matching, energy storage degradation in extreme environments, and thermal management of new semiconductors; economically, there are imbalances in initial investments, lack of market mechanisms, and fragmentation of industrial chain standards; on the policy front, insufficient cross-departmental collaboration, conflicts with international standards, and short-sighted subsidy mechanisms constrain sustainability. System integration also confronts dual challenges of multi-energy coupling control and data security risks. To break through these barriers, a “hard technology-software system” synergy must be established: quantum computing and wide bandgap devices will reshape energy conversion hardware, federated learning will optimize intelligent scheduling, and blockchain and digital twins will build a trustworthy foundation; on the policy side, efforts should focus on promoting mutual recognition of standards and innovation in carbon trading mechanisms. Through material genome engineering, algorithmic iteration, and institutional linkage, railway vehicle will transform into a key node in zero-carbon energy networks, becoming a core support for global dual decarbonization processes.