The intricacy of neurodegenerative diseases’ pathogenesis and the limitations of available treatments make them a major issue in contemporary medicine, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). A potential method for overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and enhancing the effectiveness of medicinal drugs is the use of nano-drug delivery systems. By providing improved medication stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery to specific brain areas, nanosystems comprising liposomes, dendrimers, and nanoparticles help patients by reducing adverse effects and enhancing outcomes. These methods have the potential to deliver a range of therapeutic medicines, including anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloid, and neuroprotective chemicals, directly to the brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease. Nanotechnology-based solutions can enhance medication bioavailability, mitigate issues related to poor solubility and degradation, and increase patient compliance by reducing the frequency of doses, thereby enabling precise targeting of brain tissue. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain, including surface modifications, particle size optimization, and addressing potential toxicity issues. The mechanics of drug release, targeting tactics, and therapeutic promise of the most recent developments in nano-drug delivery systems specifically designed for Alzheimer's disease are examined in this article. To transform these technologies into effective medicines, we highlight significant advancements and provide a summary of current clinical studies. The treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases might be entirely transformed by nano-drug delivery in future.