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The extraction of CNF from EFB will be the main focus in this study. CNF was extracted via chemical (NaOH; NaCl) and mechanical treatment (ball milling) which produced two types of celluloses, which are slurry and oven-dried cellulose. The untreated fiber, treated fiber, cellulose and CNF were subjected to morphological (SEM; FESEM; TEM) and chemical (FTIR) analysis. SEM micrographs showed that chemical treatment had successfully removed unnecessary hemicelluloses, lignin and impurities from the fiber while mechanical treatment was able to reduce the size of EFB fiber. TEM analysis also confirmed the presence of CNF individual particles with dimension of 23.8–60.8 nm from milled oven dried CNF suspension. FTIR analysis showed that cellulose content is maintained throughout the treatment process. ATR spectra confirmed the removal of lignin of EFB derived CNF as compared to commercially obtained CNF. This research will contribute in the development of waste to high performing products by utilizing abundance and renewable natural resources in the effort of boosting circular economy worldwide.

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Extraction of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Using Chemical Treatment and Ball Milling with Comparison to Commercial CNF; The Effect of Milling Technique

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Aein Afina Mohd Redzuan,
  • Mohamed Shuaib Mohamed Saheed

摘要

The extraction of CNF from EFB will be the main focus in this study. CNF was extracted via chemical (NaOH; NaCl) and mechanical treatment (ball milling) which produced two types of celluloses, which are slurry and oven-dried cellulose. The untreated fiber, treated fiber, cellulose and CNF were subjected to morphological (SEM; FESEM; TEM) and chemical (FTIR) analysis. SEM micrographs showed that chemical treatment had successfully removed unnecessary hemicelluloses, lignin and impurities from the fiber while mechanical treatment was able to reduce the size of EFB fiber. TEM analysis also confirmed the presence of CNF individual particles with dimension of 23.8–60.8 nm from milled oven dried CNF suspension. FTIR analysis showed that cellulose content is maintained throughout the treatment process. ATR spectra confirmed the removal of lignin of EFB derived CNF as compared to commercially obtained CNF. This research will contribute in the development of waste to high performing products by utilizing abundance and renewable natural resources in the effort of boosting circular economy worldwide.