Road Survey and Alignment Design

This chapter systematically elucidates the fundamental theories, technical standards, and route selection methodologies of road survey and geometric design. It begins by defining the geometric attributes of roads as three-dimensional spatial entities, followed by a detailed analysis of engineering feasibility studies, design procedures, and current technical specifications. The core discussion focuses on the design elements of horizontal, vertical, and cross-sectional alignments, emphasizing their spatial coordination and optimization principles. Furthermore, it evaluates route selection strategies and technical requirements across diverse topographies, including plains, mountains, and hilly regions. Concluding with modern technological trends, the chapter explores the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in geometric modeling and simulation, aiming to construct a comprehensive knowledge framework that bridges traditional engineering practices with advanced digital design.