High-performance thermal insulation materials are in urgent need to effectively reduce operational energy consumption and carbon emissions, in order to achieve the “dual carbon” goals (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality) in the construction industry. Aerogels have emerged as the material of choice with their nanoporous structure and extremely low thermal conductivity in this field. However, high costs, lack of assessment technology, and fragmented standards significantly hinder the large-scale application of aerogel materials. This study systematically reviews current standards on aerogel raw materials and blanket/panel products and compares the indicators therein, finding that existing standards primarily focus on physical and chemical properties while lacking a comprehensive assessment throughout their lifecycle covering “quality compliance—service stability—green and low-carbon performance”. A multidimensional evaluation system covering the full lifecycle of R&D, production, service, and disposal was proposed to fill this research gap. Specifically, it comprises four dimensions: technical stability, quality compliance, service adaptability, and green and low-carbon performance, with 14 secondary indicators and more than 30 tertiary indicators. A full-lifecycle performance evaluation system was established for the aerogel materials and products. This indicator system can provide a unified, scientific, and operable assessment basis for the regulation, engineering design, industrial production, and third-party certification. Consequently, the high-quality promotion of aerogel materials in the construction industry can offer robust support for China’s green and low-carbon strategy.