Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a highly conformal, image-guided radiation technique that delivers a single or few fractions of high-dose radiation precisely to a well-defined intracranial target while sparing surrounding normal tissue. The concept was pioneered by Lars Leksell in 1949, who coined the term “radiosurgery” in 1951 as a noninvasive, bloodless method for treating benign brain lesions. The first dedicated Gamma Knife system, introduced in 1968, revolutionized the treatment of functional and structural brain disorders. Since then, technological advancements in imaging, treatment planning, and beam delivery have expanded SRS applications to a wide range of benign, vascular, and functional brain conditions. The radiobiological rationale of SRS is based on the delivery of a single, ablative dose that induces irreparable DNA double-strand breaks and vascular endothelial damage, leading to delayed necrosis, fibrosis, or devascularization of the lesion. Its dosimetric advantage lies in submillimeter targeting accuracy, steep dose gradients, and highly conformal isodose distributions, which enable effective lesion ablation while minimizing toxicity to critical neural structures. SRS has become an established modality for several benign intracranial lesions, including vestibular schwannoma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma, and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), as well as functional disorders like trigeminal neuralgia. The pattern of response varies by pathology—tumor growth arrest or gradual shrinkage in benign tumors, and progressive nidus obliteration in AVMs over 2–5 years. Reported local control rates exceed 90–95% for small-to medium-sized schwannomas and meningiomas, while AVM obliteration rates range between 70% and 90% at 3–5 years. Toxicities are generally low and depend on lesion size, dose, and proximity to critical structures. They may include transient perilesional edema, cranial neuropathies, or rarely, radiation necrosis. Modern systems such as Gamma Knife, linac-based platforms (e.g., TrueBeam, Novalis, Edge, Synergy), and robotic CyberKnife have further refined treatment precision, making SRS a cornerstone in the management of benign brain conditions with excellent tumor control and minimal morbidity.