The construction industry faces growing challenges related to carbon emissions and resource depletion, largely driven by the extensive use of cement. This study investigates the potential of waste marble powder (WMP), derived from the marble processing industry, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. Three types of marble powders—White Marble, Badal Gray Marble, and Granite Marble—were assessed for their impact on concrete’s workability and compressive strength. Concrete specimens were prepared with WMP replacements ranging from 0% to 40% and evaluated using slump tests for workability and compressive strength tests over curing periods of 7, 28, and 90 days. Results indicated that Granite Marble Powder achieved the highest compressive strength (37.1 MPa at 20% replacement), attributed to its high silica content and enhanced pozzolanic activity. Badal Gray Marble Powder demonstrated a balance between strength (32.56 MPa at 20% replacement) and workability, making it a versatile choice for general applications. White Marble Powder improved workability but exhibited lower strength, limiting its use to non-structural applications. The findings underscore WMP's viability as a sustainable cementitious material, offering environmental and economic benefits through reduced cement consumption, landfill waste, and carbon emissions. This research aligns with circular economy principles, promoting eco-friendly construction practices.