Aiming to foster the eco-friendly shift in China’s economic landscape, this study develops a three-tier evaluation index system covering green industry layout, green production processes, and green manufacturing systems. By using both positive (e.g., tertiary industry proportion, number of green patents) and negative (e.g., energy consumption per unit, pollution emissions) indicator properties, the system comprehensively evaluates the decarbonization of industries, resource and environmental efficiency, and the degree of green transformation across the entire manufacturing chain. The entropy method was used to analyze data from various provinces between 2018 and 2022. The results show that eastern provinces such as Guangdong and Jiangsu lead in the comprehensive index of green production, while resource-based regions like Shanxi and Inner Mongolia lag behind. The study indicates that differentiated policies should focus on regional weaknesses and strengthen green technology and recycling capabilities. This system combines “horizontal diagnosis” and “vertical guidance” functions, providing scientific support for green economic decision-making.