Agriculture is a vital sector providing economic strength to the developing countries toward supporting the livelihoods of millions people. However, with the time of advancements in new era of technology especially remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) provided an opportunity for their assessment and management in an efficient manner for making the agriculture sector more sustainable. These tools addressing the issues hindering agricultural production systems having their numerous applications in agricultural sector including soil moisture estimation, assessment of soil properties and their prediction model, land resource management, site-specific nutrient management, irrigation water management, temporal changes in the detection of hydrothermal stresses, crop type discrimination, crop acreage estimation, crop growth detection, and yield prediction. These geospatial technologies also helped to forecast the weather conditions and provided agricultural meteorological data which are reliable sources for successful crop production and yield estimation. However, crop damage caused by different biotic and abiotic factors can also be easily detected by drone-based remote sensing technologies equipped with various sensors like multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. Apart from these systems, extreme weather events, viz. drought, flood, and frost causing havoc damage to the agricultural production system, can also be monitored by geospatial technologies toward risk minimization. Hence, this study mainly aims to summarize the importance and applications of remote sensing and GIS technologies toward improving the sustainable agricultural production systems. Observation summarized in this research chapter may also be helpful for the initiation of land use planning and natural resource management using remote sensing techniques.