Redefining Paradiplomacy: Yunnan’s Digital Engagement in China’s Southeast Asian Neighbourhood

This chapter examines Yunnan’s digital paradiplomacy as a sub-national actor within China’s Southeast Asian foreign policy. The study investigates how Yunnan leverages digital tools and platforms to enhance cross-border cooperation. Positioned as a gateway to the Greater Mekong Subregion and a key node in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Yunnan employs digital tools like social media, e-governance, and blockchain technology to advance economic, cultural, and infrastructural ties with Southeast Asian and ASEAN nations. Through case studies of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (BECZ), China–Laos Railway, Lancang-Mekong Cooperation, and the ‘Colourful Yunnan’ campaign, the study analyzes how Yunnan navigates China’s centralized political system to assert regional influence. Theoretical frameworks, including constructivism and network theory, contextualize these efforts. The study also critically examines challenges such as the digital divide, cybersecurity, and accusations of ‘digital colonialism’. The findings highlight Yunnan’s role in redefining paradiplomacy by integrating digital innovation with traditional diplomatic approaches, aligning with Beijing’s strategic objectives while fostering regional stability.