Railways have long served as a backbone for the transportation of people and goods across vast distances, fulfilling this role with remarkable efficiency. Among the many components of a railway system, sleepers form a critical element [1, 2]. These structural members are responsible for transferring loads from the train wheels to the ballast layer, which subsequently distributes them to the underlying subgrade [3]. In addition to load transfer, sleepers are essential in preserving both the vertical and horizontal alignment of railway tracks [4]. During derailments, railway sleepers are exposed to high-magnitude impact loads. A representative cross-section of a railway track is shown in Fig. 3.1.