Over-Tourism: Local Resistance, Societal Dynamics, and Global Parallels
摘要
Tourism has been a feature of human society since the development of transportation methods like the horse and carriage. In the eighteenth century, affluent individuals traveled to Greece and Rome to study ancient art and culture. Railways in the nineteenth century expanded access, enabling the working class in places like England to explore domestic destinations during the 1930s. The 1970s marked the rise of affordable international air travel, making regions such as Europe, Asia, America, and Australasia accessible to a global audience (The Conversation. “Anti-tourism protests are not new...” July 7, 2025. https://theconversation.com/anti-tourism-protests-are-not-new-they-happened-in-ancient-rome-19th-century-england-and-after-world-war-ii-260295 ). Governments and cities established tourism offices to promote visits, generating economic benefits for local communities. Modern transportation, including wide-bodied aircraft like the Airbus A-380 (carrying up to 500 passengers) and cruise ships accommodating over 2,000, has intensified visitor influxes. However, aircraft routes are constrained by airport infrastructure, limiting their impact. Cruise ships, in contrast, can overwhelm small coastal towns, as seen in Alaska and Venice (CNN. “It’s 365 days a year’: Overtourism has hit several European hotspots.” August 19, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/19/travel/europe-overtourism-protests-barcelona-palma-venice ). Despite economic advantages, recent years have witnessed growing resistance to tourism as residents seek to preserve their independence and quality of life amid surging visitor numbers. This chapter examines case studies of over-tourism resistance, analyzes underlying dynamics and trigger points, and draws parallels to broader societal resistances, including colonial conquests and political polarization.