Climate Disasters and Financial Resilience Among Women—Case Studies of India
摘要
In recent decades, climate disasters have increased manifold in variations and their impact; coupled with frequency, severity, and unpredictability, endangering lives and livelihoods across the world and across all spectrums of lives. Women in particular, those living in low-income and marginalized communities feel the impact of these shocks that upend not only their lives but leave them exposed to the dangers in the society, leading to a disproportionate gender gap, social and economic powerlessness and lack of resources. This study investigates the vital role that financial literacy plays in helping Indian women in times of crisis. Women engaged in unorganized sectors are more exposed and vulnerable to the risk of climate change and disasters like tsunamis and cyclones (Asian Development Bank, Financial Instruments to strengthen women’s economic resilience, 2022). There is limited preparedness to navigate a financial crisis due to restricted access to financial resources and knowledge. For instance, according to the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (Increasing women’s role in disaster risk management across India, 2015) report, women made up 70% of the fatalities in the coastal Indian state of Tamil Nadu during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This paper examines case studies from areas impacted by the disaster-prone areas of the 2023 Kashmir Floods and the 2024 Wayanad floods to demonstrate how financial literacy initiatives by self-help groups (SHGs), digital financial education, various government programs enhanced women's capacity to withstand economic shocks and better manage their money, administer and get treatment, and recover the losses. The results highlight the importance of financial education to women to obtain emergency finances, make empowered financial decisions, and ensure long-term economic stability, emphasizing the necessity of tailor-made, situation-specific, relevant financial literacy programs that can bridge digital, technological and socio-cultural gaps, essential for perseverance and recovery along with empowerment.