Nanoclay, a material derived from natural clays, exhibits strong potential for wastewater treatment due to its exceptionally high surface area, making it highly efficient at removing toxic metal ions, microbes, and dissolved pollutants. This chapter reviews recent progress in nanoclay-based adsorbents, exploring their applications and the mechanisms behind ion removal. The adsorption process, governed by charge chemistry, involves multiple pathways, including physical adsorption, micro-precipitation, and chemisorption. Additionally, the chapter evaluates key factors that influence adsorption performance, such as nano-adsorbent surface properties and external chemical conditions. By providing these insights, the discussion aims to advance the understanding of nanoclay composites and their role in water purification.