African croplands face escalating ecological and agronomic challenges, including widespread soil degradation, nutrient depletion, and declining biodiversity, factors that collectively constrain agricultural productivity and threaten food security. Monoculture systems, often adopted in response to food demand pressures, have intensified these vulnerabilities by disrupting soil microbial networks and increasing dependency on synthetic inputs. In this chapter, we critically assess the capacity of biofertilisers to restore soil health, enhance nutrient cycling, and bolster ecosystem resilience. Drawing on recent advances in microbial ecology and agrobiotechnology, we synthesise evidence on the mechanisms by which nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilising microbes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth promotion, pathogen suppression, and abiotic stress tolerance. We highlight emerging insights into the role of biofertilisers in carbon sequestration, bioremediation, and the reconstitution of microbial diversity in degraded African soils. Despite their promise, adoption remains limited by socio-economic and institutional barriers. We argue that integrating biofertilisers into smallholder systems, alongside supportive policy and local production strategies, represents a scalable pathway towards climate-resilient and microbiome-informed agriculture across the continent.