The integration of microRNA (miRNA) based strategies with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) offers a novel combinational approach to cancer treatment. miRNA regulates multiple oncogenic pathways, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance, while PDT and PTT provide targeted, minimally invasive methods to kill tumor cells via reactive oxygen species or localized hyperthermia. Combining these modalities enhances the therapeutic efficacy by sensitizing cancer cells, overcoming resistance, and reducing recurrence. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems further facilitate co-administration of miRNA with PDT or PTT, improving the tumor-specific uptake and minimizing off-target effects. Despite the challenges related to delivery efficiency, tissue penetration, and safety, chapter also discusses the molecular basis, experimental advances, and therapeutic opportunities integrating miRNAs with light-based therapies, emphasizing their promise for precision oncology and future clinical applications.