This chapter investigates the neural correlates of morphological structure effects in Chinese word recognition, moving beyond compounds to systematically contrast coordinate compounds and derivations. Building on the dual-route framework established in Chaps. 5 and 6 , we ask whether different morphological structures recruit distinct processing routes and whether morphological priming can be differentiated from purely semantic associations. Using a masked priming lexical decision paradigm with simultaneous EEG and fNIRS recordings, we examined root priming effects in both derivational and compound words. EEG results revealed that compounds and derivations diverged in their temporal dynamics, with derivations engaging earlier automatic decomposition (P250 effect). Complementary fNIRS findings localized these structural effects to left-lateralized prefrontal regions. Together, these results provide converging evidence that Chinese word recognition is modulated by morphological structure, supporting a dual-route model while extending it to account for structural variation across word types. By disentangling morphological and semantic priming, this study advances our understanding of how structure shapes the Chinese mental lexicon and contributes to broader cross-linguistic theories of morphological processing.