This chapter investigates the neural encoding of morphological constraints in Chinese compound word reading. Building on behavioral evidence for a dual-route mechanism, we ask whether the brain implicitly detects morphological legality, independent of explicit awareness, and how these processes unfold across time and localization. Using behavioral, EEG, and fNIRS measures with Chinese disyllabic compounds, we show that pseudowords elicit slower responses and lower accuracy, reflecting the structural integration costs of morphologically irregular items. EEG analyses revealed early N400 effects indexing morphemic-level semantic analysis and later N400 effects reflecting controlled evaluation of morphological legality, while fNIRS localized these processes primarily to the left prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings confirm the neural reality of morphological constraints in Chinese reading and provide converging evidence for the dual-route account, where whole-word and morphemic representations interact depending on lexical properties. By integrating temporal and spatial perspectives, this chapter advances methodological approaches for studying morphology and contributes to broader cross-linguistic debates on whether morphological processing is language-specific or governed by universal neurocognitive mechanisms.