The present chapter introduces the background, motivation, and scope of this book, which centers on morphological processing in the human brain with a focus on Mandarin Chinese. It outlines the central role of morphology in linguistic theory, reading, and language learning, and highlights the significance of Chinese as a morpho-syllabic system in psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research. The chapter identifies key research gaps concerning the temporal dynamics, neural localization, and processing mechanisms of Chinese morphology, as well as its development in L2 learners and transfer to typologically distant languages such as English. It then formulates the guiding research questions and emphasizes the theoretical and pedagogical contributions of the book. Finally, the overall structure of the book is presented.