To reduce society’s environmental impact, it is essential to aim for overall optimization rather than partial optimization. One of the techniques for achieving this is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a method for assessing the environmental impact of products and services throughout their life cycle. The use of LCA is expanding in government policies and the industries. This chapter summarizes the current utilization and challenges of LCA in government and industry. One of the applications of LCA is the calculation of carbon footprints. The carbon footprint refers to the sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and GHG removals throughout the lifecycle of products and services. This chapter explains policy trends using carbon footprints in various Japanese ministries, such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT), the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), and the Ministry of the Environment (MOE). Climate policy should not induce other environmental issues, such as resource depletion or the emission of hazardous chemicals. Moreover, actual decision-making requires consideration of socio-economic aspects. Hence, this chapter also addresses assessing other environmental and social aspects using LCA.