A History of Urbanization in India should explore possibilities of multilinear and parallel evolution, by harnessing concrete archaeological evidence instead of being imprisoned by the material, technological or paleogenetic analysis. A study of urbanization should consider the taphonomic logic that, in view of the destruction of evidence over time, the absence of visible evidence may not be dismissed as evidence of its absence, without verifying available archaeological remains. It may be inappropriate to study the development of the city in history in exclusive terms of sharp breaks, or sudden shifts, in the use of bronze or iron, the horse, or certain flora and fauna, in isolation from and in oblivion of continuing links between one phase and the next. This history should profit from scientific advances in ecological, landscape, archaeological, fluvial, and hydrogeological history, buttressed by landsat analysis, with deep ground penetration, and excavations, for validating the remotely sensed data, by ground truthing. This chapter provides an overview of the genesis, development, and present condition of urbanization in South Asia, keeping all these points in mind. It is both an overview and a critical appraisal of what kind of urbanization is likely to be sustainable in the future, by learning from history and taking up the positive aspects of past urbanizations.