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This study examines the potential of palm kernel shells (PKS) and alum sludge (AS) as sustainable additives in concrete production to address the waste disposal challenges in the palm oil industry and water treatment plants. The research evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of concrete mixtures containing varying percentages of PKS and AS by examining their workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, carbonation depth and microstructural characteristics. Results indicate that the mix containing 15% PKS and 10% AS has significantly enhanced performance with better workability, higher compressive and tensile strengths, and reduced water absorption compared to the control mix. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms that the denser microstructure of the optimised mix contributes to its superior durability. However, incorporating higher than 10% AS adversely impacts the mixture’s workability and tensile strength, thus underscoring the importance of incorporating optimal additive percentages. By incorporating PKS and AS into concrete mixes, this study promotes sustainable construction practices and minimises landfill wastes and the carbon footprint of building materials. Nonetheless, more in-depth research is necessary to refine the optimal mix, assess long-term performance under diverse environmental conditions and validate the findings in real-world applications.

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Assessment of Sustainable Concrete Mixtures: Utilising Alum Sludge as a Partial Cement Replacement and Palm Kernel Shell as a Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Gunalaan Vasudevan,
  • Hidayu Murni Binti Abu Hussain,
  • Hashdi Bin Abdul Muid,
  • Eva Selviana Sanuwar,
  • Idaura Fadhya Binti Che Ibrahim,
  • Nik Norzahariah Ashikin Bt N. Mohamed,
  • Mohd Mawardi Bin Hassim

摘要

This study examines the potential of palm kernel shells (PKS) and alum sludge (AS) as sustainable additives in concrete production to address the waste disposal challenges in the palm oil industry and water treatment plants. The research evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of concrete mixtures containing varying percentages of PKS and AS by examining their workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, carbonation depth and microstructural characteristics. Results indicate that the mix containing 15% PKS and 10% AS has significantly enhanced performance with better workability, higher compressive and tensile strengths, and reduced water absorption compared to the control mix. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms that the denser microstructure of the optimised mix contributes to its superior durability. However, incorporating higher than 10% AS adversely impacts the mixture’s workability and tensile strength, thus underscoring the importance of incorporating optimal additive percentages. By incorporating PKS and AS into concrete mixes, this study promotes sustainable construction practices and minimises landfill wastes and the carbon footprint of building materials. Nonetheless, more in-depth research is necessary to refine the optimal mix, assess long-term performance under diverse environmental conditions and validate the findings in real-world applications.