Neuronal hyperarousal is a pathological condition related to various neuropsychiatric diseases, which manifests with abnormal, excessive, and prolonged activation of the nervous system. This physiological phenomenon is modulated by mechanisms involving cortisol and adrenergic signaling and has been indicated to play an important role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (Ong W et al. Cancers (Basel) 14(16):4025, 2022), anxiety disorders, difficulty falling asleep, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, neuronal hyperarousal has also been considered a lack of efficient treatment because of its complex mechanism. Recently, with the development of the marine natural products (MNPs) explosion, more and more marine bioactives have been brought to the public’s attention due to their unique chemical structure and potential neuromodulatory activity. This article has a systematic review of the introduction, history, clinical symptoms, and current therapy of neuronal hyperarousal and brings a foresight of the potential application of marine natural products in this field. A rising number of studies have evidenced that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroplasticity effects of the marine natural products provide a valuable, novel, and safer strategy for both diagnosis and treatment in neuronal hyperarousal. In summary, neurological hyperarousal is a key target in the study of neurological diseases. In-depth exploration of its pathological mechanisms and the combination with marine natural products research is of great significance for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.