Stroke remains one of the leading global causes of mortality and long-term disability, with limited therapeutic options available for effective neuroprotection and neural regeneration. In recent years, marine ecosystems have emerged as a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, distinguished by their unique molecular architectures and potent pharmacological activities. This review explores the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring bioactives derived from marine organisms—including algae, sponges, mollusks, and marine bacteria—such as carotenoids, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, aminosulfonate compounds, in the context of stroke treatment. These marine-derived agents exhibit critical biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and neuro-regenerative effects, which are essential for mitigating ischemic brain injury. The strategic integration of marine bioprospecting with contemporary drug development platforms holds considerable promise for advancing novel and efficacious interventions in stroke therapy.