This chapter explains the essence of human rights and how the conceptual understanding of human rights evolved over a long period of time. Along with this theoretical journey, it examines how the United Nations took up the issues and problems centred on massive human rights violations reported from all over the world, highlighting the role of the state and its constitutional and legislative measures in the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as the principles of due diligence and accountability of the state. The chapter then proceeds to discuss how the concept of Dalit human rights emerged and what it entails.