Environmental contamination by xenobiotics has become a defining challenge of the Anthropocene. Xenobiotics, including synthetic organic compounds, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and persistent pollutants, are foreign to natural biological systems and often resist degradation. These compounds share key characteristics, such as persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification, which amplify their ecological and human health impacts. Major anthropogenic sources include industrial emissions, agricultural practices, urban waste, and transportation, while air, water, soil, and sediments serve as critical compartments for contaminant distribution. The ecological consequences of xenobiotic pollution are wide-ranging, encompassing biodiversity loss, disruption of ecosystem functions, eutrophication, soil degradation, and deterioration of water quality. Human health risks associated with xenobiotics are equally concerning, spanning carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Despite the availability of conventional remediation techniques, including incineration, landfilling, soil washing, and pump-and-treat systems, these approaches often present significant limitations, such as high operational costs, elevated energy demands, and additional environmental disturbances. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable and environmentally compatible remediation strategies. Emerging approaches, particularly bioremediation and mycoremediation, offer promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternatives capable of degrading or transforming persistent pollutants while minimizing ecological harm. Together, these insights underscore the urgency of addressing xenobiotic pollution and highlight the potential for innovative remediation strategies to restore environmental quality. By integrating scientific innovation, regulatory frameworks, and community engagement, it is possible to mitigate the risks posed by xenobiotics, safeguard human health, and promote the sustainable management of ecosystems in the Anthropocene.