The Kayamkhanis are a small Indian Muslim community predominantly found in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. It is popularly believed that they converted to Islam from Hindu Rajput of Chauhan clan during the time of Feroz Shah Tughlaq. However, some scholars also supposed the Kayamkhanis to be Afghan or Turk. In colonial and Marwar census reports, Kayamkhanis were included as group of Muslim Rajputs. Albeit today, Rajput class is considered exclusively Hindu. While celebrating the progenitor of clan who had converted to Islam generations earlier, the Kayamkhanis also represent themselves with this class identity. Besides holding high ranks in Rajput courts and having marital alliance with the Hindu counterpart, they also ruled Fatehpur and Jhunjhunu region of the Thar Desert from the 1500s to 1800s. Initially their history was written in Braj bhasa by celebrated poet Nyamat Ali Khan, popularly known as Jan Kavi who was himself a member of this community. Although Kayamkhanis were converted to Islam centuries ago, in their socio-cultural space, they still exhibit Hindu traditions. Kayamkhanis have their own understanding of Islam where they love to practice their new religion, but not ready to renounce traditions of former religious affiliation which they understand as spheres of belonging. Thus, for long they identified themselves as both Muslim and Rajput. This also indicates that in Thar Desert, Islam is not monolithic and Muslim community is not homogeneous. However, gradually they are moving towards more monolithic Muslim identity. This chapter intends to examine different aspects of socio-religious identity of Kayamkhani community as well as process of community identity formation and Islamization in the Thar Desert. It will also look into the inner and outer conflict in this process.