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The use of waste cooking oil (WCO) for epoxidation offers an attractive pathway toward circular economy valorization, but its direct application as a single feedstock is constrained by compositional variability, lower unsaturation levels, and reduced epoxide yield. To address these limitations, a hybrid feedstock combining palm oil with WCO was epoxidized via an in situ performic acid route using Amberlite IR-120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. Process optimization identified a stirring speed of 350 rpm and a formic acid-to-oil molar ratio of 1:1 as the most effective conditions, achieving the highest oxirane oxygen content while minimizing side reactions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful epoxidation through the disappearance of olefinic C = C signals and the appearance of oxirane functional groups. These results underscore the novelty of hybrid oil utilization, demonstrating that blending palm oil with WCO enhances reactivity and selectivity, thereby supporting the development of sustainable, bio-based epoxide precursors with industrial potential.

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Catalytic Epoxidation of Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Mohd Jumain Jalil,
  • Intan Suhada Azmi,
  • Norhafini Hambali,
  • Noorfazlida Binti Mohamed,
  • Siti Nadia Abdullah,
  • Norin Hafizah Rahim,
  • Mohammad ‘Aathif Addli

摘要

The use of waste cooking oil (WCO) for epoxidation offers an attractive pathway toward circular economy valorization, but its direct application as a single feedstock is constrained by compositional variability, lower unsaturation levels, and reduced epoxide yield. To address these limitations, a hybrid feedstock combining palm oil with WCO was epoxidized via an in situ performic acid route using Amberlite IR-120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. Process optimization identified a stirring speed of 350 rpm and a formic acid-to-oil molar ratio of 1:1 as the most effective conditions, achieving the highest oxirane oxygen content while minimizing side reactions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful epoxidation through the disappearance of olefinic C = C signals and the appearance of oxirane functional groups. These results underscore the novelty of hybrid oil utilization, demonstrating that blending palm oil with WCO enhances reactivity and selectivity, thereby supporting the development of sustainable, bio-based epoxide precursors with industrial potential.