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The scientific exploration of semiconductors began in 1833, when Michael Faraday studied the conductivity of silver sulfide. In 1879, Edwin Hall discovered the “Hall effect,” noting the presence of positively charged carriers in certain semiconductor materials. Starting in 1907, Konigsberger and others began applying the Hall effect to semiconductors. In 1925, Julius Lilienfeld proposed the concept of the field-effect transistor (FET), securing a patent for his invention (US Patent No. 1745175A, titled “Method and Apparatus for Controlling Electric Currents”), though he never brought it to market. In the 1930s, British physicist Alan Herries Wilson explained the function of band gaps using solid-state quantum theory. Then, in 1947, Bell Labs’ William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the transistor and filed multiple patents. This invention sparked rapid development in the semiconductor industry, leading to integrated circuits (ICs), charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and microprocessors—cornerstones of the Third Industrial Revolution.

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The Long Road from Scientific Innovation to Productization (Part I)

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Qiang Yue,
  • Fei Yang

摘要

The scientific exploration of semiconductors began in 1833, when Michael Faraday studied the conductivity of silver sulfide. In 1879, Edwin Hall discovered the “Hall effect,” noting the presence of positively charged carriers in certain semiconductor materials. Starting in 1907, Konigsberger and others began applying the Hall effect to semiconductors. In 1925, Julius Lilienfeld proposed the concept of the field-effect transistor (FET), securing a patent for his invention (US Patent No. 1745175A, titled “Method and Apparatus for Controlling Electric Currents”), though he never brought it to market. In the 1930s, British physicist Alan Herries Wilson explained the function of band gaps using solid-state quantum theory. Then, in 1947, Bell Labs’ William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the transistor and filed multiple patents. This invention sparked rapid development in the semiconductor industry, leading to integrated circuits (ICs), charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and microprocessors—cornerstones of the Third Industrial Revolution.