With the advent of rapid urbanization and industrialization, there is a growing need for adequate management of waste from the industrial sectors. This is a vital aspect for dignifying and maintaining a clean and healthy environment with the mindset of achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and promoting the concept of a circular economy derived from waste materials. Treatment of industrial waste comes with several constraints that can pose a daunting task for decision-makers due to the unavailability of proper resources, finances, and energy requirements, with very minimal to zero payback. In this regard, microorganisms play a pivotal role in the degradation and bioconversion of industrial wastes, facilitating environmental remediation, economic gains, and bioresource recovery, with lower machinery dependence and operational costs. This chapter aims to explore and dive into the most common and efficient microbe-mediated approaches and opportunities for an economically and environmentally secure procedure for waste treatment and management. These approaches employ anaerobic and aerobic consortia of microorganisms to process waste through methods such as composting and anaerobic digestion, yielding economically useful, environmentally friendly value-added bioproducts and bioenergy through innovative resource recovery methods. Additionally, microbial-mediated bioremediation and sustainable environmental practices exhibit potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing waste stabilization, and promoting nutrient cycling. This study emphasizes the use of microbes for industrial waste valorization and underscores their contribution in achieving a sustainable waste management system while allowing the production of economically viable products, engendering a circular economy.