China’s Influential Role in Poland and Hungary

This chapter explores China’s growing influence in Poland and Hungary, focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the differing responses of these two countries. Historically, China was an unknown entity in the West, but its economic involvement in Europe has increased significantly, particularly through the BRI, which aims to integrate trade and investment across Eurasia. The initiative has led to substantial infrastructure investments in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), with Hungary and Poland being major recipients. Hungary has embraced China’s BRI, seeing it as an opportunity to diversify its economic relations and reduce its reliance on the European Union (EU). The Hungarian government, led by Prime Minister Viktor Orban, has adopted a pragmatic approach, focusing on economic benefits and downplaying political values. Hungary’s foreign policy is characterised by a balancing strategy among major powers, including China, the EU, Russia, and the United States. The country has welcomed Chinese investments and has been a strong supporter of the BRI. In contrast, Poland has taken a more cautious approach towards China. While recognising the economic opportunities presented by the BRI, Poland remains committed to its EU membership and values. The Polish government emphasises the importance of democratic principles and human rights, which align with EU values. Poland’s foreign policy strategy focuses on security, growth, and maintaining a strong position within the EU and NATO. The country has been more selective in its engagement with China, ensuring that economic cooperation does not compromise its political values. The chapter also highlights the theoretical frameworks used to analyse Sino-Hungarian and Sino-Polish relations, including the theories of linkages and leverage, and rational-choice theory. These frameworks help explain the different approaches of Hungary and Poland towards China, despite their similar historical and economic backgrounds.