Africa faces persistent food security and nutrition challenges amid rapid population growth and climate change. Despite global progress in reducing undernourishment, Africa’s prevalence has steadily increased, with over 298 million undernourished people in 2023. The continent faces a triple burden of malnutrition: chronic undernutrition, rising obesity, and widespread micronutrient deficiencies. The region is not on track to meet SDG 2 or Malabo targets. Nutrient-rich diets remain unaffordable for most, with healthy food costs exceeding household income in many Sub-Saharan countries. Africa also faces systemic vulnerabilities, such as reliance on food imports, low agricultural productivity, and conflicts, which are exacerbated by climate shocks. Recent external crises, including the Russia-Ukraine war, have further disrupted food and fertilizer imports, while extreme weather events and conflicts have undermined agricultural resilience and access to food. Climate change threatens all four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability. To address these challenges, Africa requires nutrition-sensitive, climate-resilient agricultural transformation and improved data on micronutrient deficiencies to better inform policy and investment. Promoting indigenous crops, adopting appropriate agricultural technologies, implementing nutrition-sensitive agriculture, and strengthening social protection measures are potential pathways to enhance food security and resilience in the face of population pressures and climate change.