A Leader-Follower Game-Based Coordinated Scheduling Strategy in Heterogeneous Microgrids

To address the dual challenges of energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction in microgrids, this study proposes a coordinated scheduling framework based on game theory. At the upper level of this framework, a cooperative game is formulated among the operator coalition composed of renewable energy suppliers and gas-fired power plants, with the Shapley value used for fair profit allocation. The operation mode adopts PV-first priority, gas-fired plants as backup, and external electricity purchase as supplementary. An energy exchange model is established to jointly optimize electricity-gas scheduling and pricing. At the lower level, evolutionary game theory is employed to model user demand response behavior under dynamic pricing, with replicator dynamics used to analyze the strategy evolution towards equilibrium. Simulation results show that the proposed approach enhances operator benefits, reduces energy costs, and effectively encourages users’ participation. The framework offers practical insights for the low-carbon and efficient operation of industrial park energy systems.