As a vital pillar of the national economy, railway transportation holds a core position in China's modern transportation system. This paper first explores the development background of the railway transportation industry, then provides an in-depth analysis of the current status, challenges, response strategies, and future development directions of railway transportation enterprises. Through case studies of companies such as ZGTIE, DQITE, and JHGTE, it illustrates their specific development situations. Finally, future prospects are proposed. Railway transportation enterprises will continue to advance in technological innovation, green development, and service optimization to consolidate their central role. Only by fully understanding the development and existing problems of railway transportation and carefully studying relevant policies can China's railway transportation industry achieve sustainable development.