Against the backdrop of sustained growth in global trade and the deepening implementation of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, China’s shipbuilding industry is entering a critical period of transformation and upgrading. This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive discussion on the development status, challenges, opportunities, and future trends of China’s shipbuilding enterprises. The article first analyzes the positive progress made by China’s shipbuilding enterprises in terms of market position, revenue, and profits. Then, it delves into the challenges faced by enterprises, such as rising costs, high-end technological bottlenecks, and intensifying international competition. Subsequently, considering national policy directions, changes in market demand, and technological innovation trends, strategic suggestions are proposed to promote the high-quality development of China’s shipbuilding enterprises. Finally, the paper prospects the new positioning and role of China’s shipbuilding industry in the global industrial chain.